Henry II: The Lion of England

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Henry II, a 12th-century English king, reformed the legal system, conquered Ireland, and patronized the arts, leaving a lasting legacy on England.

Henry II, a 12th-century English monarch, is often overshadowed by his more colorful contemporaries, Richard the Lionheart and John. Yet, Henry's reign was marked by significant political, legal, and cultural achievements. 

A Norman Conqueror

Born in 1133, Henry was the son of Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, and The Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. His reign, which began in 1154, marked the end of the Anarchy, a period of civil war that had ravaged England following the death of Henry I. Henry's accession to the throne brought about a much-needed period of stability and order.

A Legal Reformer

One of Henry II's most enduring legacies was his reform of the English legal system. He introduced the concept of *common law*, a unified system of law that applied throughout the kingdom. This marked a significant departure from the previous system, which had been based on local customs and traditions. Henry also established the *Grand Jury*, a body of local citizens tasked with investigating crimes and indicting accused individuals.

The Lion of England

Henry II was also a skilled military leader and a formidable opponent on the battlefield. He conquered Ireland in 1171, expanding the boundaries of the English kingdom. He also clashed with the powerful Church, leading to a series of conflicts with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket's murder in 1170 caused a great scandal and led to Henry's doing penance.

A Patron of the Arts

Despite his reputation as a warrior, Henry II was also a patron of the arts and culture. He supported the construction of numerous churches and monasteries, including Canterbury Cathedral. He also encouraged the development of literature and learning, fostering a flourishing intellectual climate in England.

Henry II's reign was a period of great achievement for England. His reforms of the legal system, his military conquests, and his patronage of the arts left a lasting legacy that continues to shape the nation today. While he may not be as well-known as his successors, Henry II deserves to be remembered as one of the most important figures in English history.


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